Which of the following best describes green infrastructure in stormwater management?

• A. Rain gardens, bioswales, permeable pavements, and green roofs
• B. Concrete curb and gutter only
• C. Asphalt paving without drains
• D. Vinyl signage

Answer: (A)

Managing rainfall where it falls using vegetation, soils, and natural processes is the essence of green infrastructure. Rain gardens, bioswales, permeable pavements, and green roofs illustrate this approach by capturing runoff, slowing and infiltrating water, and treating it through soil, plant uptake, and microbial processes. This helps reduce peak flows, improve water quality, and add vegetated space in urban areas.

The other options describe traditional or irrelevant elements. Concrete curb and gutter moves water away quickly and offers little on-site treatment. Asphalt paving without drains also conveys runoff off the surface without infiltration or cleansing. Vinyl signage has no role in stormwater management.